Analysis of risk factors leading to multiple breast abscesses during lactation.

We investigated 1805 cases of breast abscesses during lactation to estimate the risk factors for multiple breast abscesses during lactation. A total of 2000 cases of breast abscesses during lactation were investigated using an online questionnaire, and 1805 cases with complete data were analyzed. The survey response rate was 90%. According to the number of abscesses, the patients were divided into 2 groups: single breast abscess (number = 1298) and multiple breast abscess (number = 507). Pearson chi-square test was used to compare the 15 risk factors between the 2 groups. Risk factors with significant differences were substituted into a binary logistic regression model to analyze the independent risk factors associated with multiple breast abscesses during lactation. There were significant differences between the 2 groups in (1) weeks postpartum, (2) separated from the baby, (3) breastfeeding exclusivity, (4) nipple inversion, (5) fever, (6) breast redness/swelling, (7) nipple pain, (8) breast massage by nonmedical staff, with (1), (5), (6), and (8) being independent risk factors. Patients under 6 weeks postpartum, separated from the baby, not exclusively breastfeeding, having an inverted nipple on the affected side, fever, breast skin redness and swelling on the affected side, nipple pain, and having undergone a breast massage by nonmedical staff are more likely to develop multiple breast abscesses.

Transition Metal-Catalyzed C-H Activation/Annulation Approaches to Isoindolo[2,1-b]isoquinolin-5(7H)-ones.

The isoindolo[2,1-b]isoquinolin-5(7H)-one scaffold is widely present in lots of bioactive natural products. Diverse types of strategies have been developed to construct this scaffold. Recently, transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation/annulation is emerging as a powerful and straightforward method to construct diverse polyheterocycles with high atom- and step-economy. It also has been employed for the synthesis of the isoindolo[2,1-b]isoquinolin-5(7H)-one scaffold. This review provides an introduction to recent advances for the preparation of isoindolo[2,1-b]isoquinolin-5(7H)-ones by using transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation/annulation. It will help researchers to find hidden opportunities and accelerate the discovery of novel transformations based on C-H activation/annulation.

Two Path Gland Segmentation Algorithm of Colon Pathological Image Based on Local Semantic Guidance.

Colonic adenocarcinoma is a disease severely endangering human life caused by mucosal epidermal carcinogenesis. The segmentation of potentially cancerous glands is the key in the detection and diagnosis of colonic adenocarcinoma. The appearance of cancerous tissue is different in gland segmentation in colon pathological images, and it is impossible to accurately segment the changes of glands from benign to malignant using a single network. Given these issues, a two-path gland segmentation algorithm of colon pathological image based on local semantic guidance is proposed in this paper. The improved candidate region search algorithm is adopted to expand the original image data set and generate sub-datasets sensitive to specific features. Then, the semantic feature-guided model is employed to extract the local adenocarcinoma features and acts on the backbone network together with context feature extraction based on the attention mechanism. In this way, a larger receptive field and more local feature information are obtained, the learning ability of the network to the morphological features of glands is enhanced, and the performance of automatic gland segmentation is finally improved. The algorithm is verified on Warwick Qu-Dataset. Compared with the current popular segmentation algorithms, our algorithm has good performance in Dice coefficient, F1 score, and Hausdorff distance on different types of test sets.

Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate and Monomethyl Fumarate Treatment through GPR109A Modulation and Intestinal Barrier Restoration on PD Mice.

Research has connected Parkinson's disease (PD) with impaired intestinal barrier. The activation of G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) protects the intestinal barrier by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Sodium butyrate (NaB), which is a GPR109A ligand, may have anti-PD effects. The current study's objective is to demonstrate that NaB or monomethyl fumarate (MMF, an agonist of the GPR109A) can treat PD mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) via repairing the intestinal barrier. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups randomly: control, MPTP + vehicle, MPTP + NaB, and MPTP + MMF. Modeling mice received MPTP (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for a week, while control mice received sterile PBS. Then, four groups each received two weeks of sterile PBS (10 mL/kg/day, i.g.), sterile PBS (10 mL/kg/day, i.g.), NaB (600 mg/kg/day, i.g.), or MMF (100 mg/kg/day, i.g.). We assessed the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins (occludin and claudin-1), GPR109A, and p65 in the colon, performed microscopic examination via HE staining, quantified markers of intestinal permeability and proinflammatory cytokines in serum, and evaluated motor symptoms and pathological changes in the substantia nigra (SN) or striatum. According to our results, MPTP-induced defected motor function, decreased dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the striatum, decreased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and increased activated microglia in the SN, and systemic inflammation were ameliorated by NaB or MMF treatment. Additionally, the ruined intestinal barrier was also rebuilt and NF-κB was suppressed after the treatment, with higher levels of TJ proteins, GPR109A, and decreased intestinal permeability. These results show that NaB or MMF can remedy motor symptoms and pathological alterations in PD mice by restoring the intestinal barrier with activated GPR109A. We demonstrate the potential for repairing the compromised intestinal barrier and activating GPR109A as promising treatments for PD.

Oral Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 in the patients with lactational abscess treated by needle aspiration: The late follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Lactational mastitis and breast abscess cause trouble for women. It has been shown that oral probiotics can improve breast microecology, thus alleviating inflammatory responses. Our study aims to understand the long-term effect of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 on patients with lactational breast abscess after needle aspiration. METHODS: Data continued in a randomized controlled study of 101 subjects with lactational abscess from 12 hospitals were included. They were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. After needle aspiration treatment, the experimental group was orally administrated with L fermentum CECT5716 for 4 consecutive weeks, while the control group was treated with maltodextrin in the same way). In the third month after randomized controlled trial, the subjects were followed up by an online questionnaire investigation. The observation indexes included the relief of breast pain, recurrence of mastitis from the end of oral administration to the follow-up, and the effect on continuing breastfeeding. RESULTS: A total of 101 patients were enrolled and 83 valid questionnaires were received during follow-up, including 40 in the experimental group and 43 in the control group. The rate of stop breastfeeding due to recurrence of mastitis was 2.5% (1/40) in the experimental group and 18.6% (8/43) in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (odds ratio = 0.112, 95% confidence interval: 0.013-0.942, P < .05). The rate of stop breastfeeding was 10% (4/40) in the experimental group and 25.6% (11/43) in the control group, without significant difference. The pain relief rate in the experimental group was 80% (32/40), which showed no significant difference from that in the control group, that is, 72.1% (31/43). The recurrence rate of mastitis in the experimental group was 20% (8/40), which was not significantly different from that in the control group, that is, 16.3% (7/43). CONCLUSIONS: In lactating women with a history of breast abscess, oral L fermentum CECT5716 may reduce the risk of stop breastfeeding due to recurrence of mastitis.

Effects of hyperspectral data with different spectral resolutions on the estimation of soil heavy metal content: From ground-based and airborne data to satellite-simulated data.

Soil heavy metal distribution maps can provide decision-making information for pollution control and agricultural management. However, the estimation of heavy metals is sensitive to the resolution of the soil spectra due to their sparse content in soils. The purposes of this study were to test the sensitivity of Ni, Zn and Pb prediction results to variations in spectral resolution, then to map their spatial distributions over a large area. In addition, the effectiveness of spectral feature extraction was investigated. In total, 92 soil samples and corresponding field soil spectra were obtained from the Tongwei-Zhuanglang area in Gansu Province, China. Airborne HyMap hyperspectral image of this area was acquired simultaneously. Three satellite image spectra (AHSIGF-5, Hyperion, AHSIZY-1 02D) were simulated using the field spectra which were measured under real environmental conditions rather than laboratory conditions. The combination of genetic algorithm and partial least squares regression (GA-PLSR) was used as prediction algorithm. The models calibrated by HyMap image full spectral bands had the highest accuracies (RP2 = 0.8558, 0.8002, and 0.8592 for Ni, Zn, and Pb, respectively) because of high consistency. For field spectra and three simulated satellite spectra, models calibrated by simulated AHSIGF-5 spectra performed best because of appropriate resolution (5 nm in the visible near-infrared [VNIR] and 10 nm in the short-wave infrared [SWIR]). The spectral feature extraction method only improved prediction accuracy of the field spectra, indicating that this method benefited from higher spectral resolution. The mapping of the spatial distribution of soil heavy metals over a large area was realized based on HyMap image. According to the results of the satellite simulation spectra, this study proposes to use GF-5 hyperspectral image to estimate heavy metals content. The outcomes provide a reference for the utilization of aerial and satellite hyperspectral images in prediction of soil heavy metal concentrations.

Effects of prenatal professional breastfeeding education for the family.

Mastering the correct breastfeeding posture remains a challenge for many new mothers. Generalized pregnancy breastfeeding education plays a role in helping mothers master breastfeeding positions and prevent nipple damage. This study prospectively analyzed the effects of prenatal professional breastfeeding education for the family on mastering the lactation latch and preventing nipple damage. Medical records of pregnant women in the authors' hospital from April 2020 to July 2020 were prospectively analyzed. A total of 342 patients were enrolled and divided into experimental and control groups according to whether or not they had received prenatal professional breastfeeding education for the family by the random number table method. The difference in the mastery rate of the postpartum breastfeeding posture and nipple damage was examined three days postpartum. The mastery rate in the experimental group (88.5%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (63.8%), whereas the rate of nipple damage in the experimental group (23.1%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (46.9%). Prenatal professional breastfeeding education for the family can promote mothers' mastery of breastfeeding latch skills and reduce the risk of nipple damage.

Photocrosslinking silver nanoparticles-aloe vera-silk fibroin composite hydrogel for treatment of full-thickness cutaneous wounds.

Damage to the skin causes physiological and functional issues. The most effective treatment approach is the use of wound dressings. Silk fibroin (SF) is a promising candidate biomaterial for regulating wound healing; however, its antibacterial properties and biological activity must be further improved. In this study, a photocrosslinking hydrogel was developed to treat full-thickness cutaneous wounds. The composite hydrogel (Ag-AV-SF hydrogel) was prepared by introducing the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and aloe vera (AV) as the modifiers. In vitro study exhibited great antibacterial ability, biocompatibility and cell-proliferation and -migration-promoting capacities. It also showed the pH-response releasing properties which release more AgNPs in a simulated chronic infection environment. The healing effect evaluation in vivo showed the healing-promoting ability of the Ag-AV-SF hydrogel was stronger than the single-modifiers groups, and the healing rate of it reached 97.02% on Day 21, higher than the commercial wound dressing, silver sulfadiazine (SS) cream on sale. Additionally, the histological and protein expression results showed that the Ag-AV-SF hydrogel has a greater effect on the pro-healing regenerative phenotype with M2 macrophages at the early stage, reconstructing the blood vessels networks and inhibiting the formation of scars. In summary, the Ag-AV-SF hydrogel developed in this study had good physical properties, overwhelming antibacterial properties, satisfactory biocompatibility and significantly promoting effect on cell proliferation, migration and wound healing. Overall, our results suggest that the Ag-AV-SF hydrogel we developed has great potential for improving the wound healing in clinical treatment.

Heat strain in chemical protective clothing in hot-humid environment: Effects of clothing thermal properties.

Heat strain experienced by individuals wearing chemical protective clothing (CPC) is severe and dangerous especially in hot-humid environment. The development of material science and interdisciplinary studies including ergonomics, physiology and heat transfer is urgently required for the reduction of heat strain. The aim of this paper was to study the relationship among clothing thermal properties, physiological responses and environmental conditions. Three kinds of CPC were selected. Eight participants wore CPC and walked (4 km/h, two slopes with 5% and 10%) on a treadmill in an environment with (35±0.5) °C and RH of (60±5)%. Core temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, heat storage and tolerance time were recorded and analyzed. Physiological responses were significantly affected by the clothing thermal properties and activity intensity in hot-humid environment. The obtained results can help further development of heat strain model. New materials with lower evaporative resistance and less weight are necessary to release the heat strain in hot-humid environments.

Granulomatous mastitis in multiparae during pregnancy and lactation: Observational study (STROBE compliant).

ABSTRACT: The incidence of granulomatous mastitis (GLM) in multiparae as seriously affected the quality of life and breastfeeding of pregnant women after delivery, but the treatment is rarely reported. In this article, the development, healing, and lactation of 13 cases were reported and a retrospective analysis was performed. 10 cases of GLM were treated at the Breast Disease Prevention and Treatment Center of Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Beijing and 3 cases of GLM were treated in the Breast Department of Weihai Municipal Hospital of Shandong province from February 2017 to May 2019.Among the 13 patients, conservative symptomatic treatment was adopted during pregnancy and lactation: anti-infective therapy consisting of oral cephalosporin antibiotic for patients; ultrasound-guided puncture and drainage of pus or incision and drainage after abscess formation. Observation continued during the sinus tract phase. Postpartum breastfeeding was encouraged, especially on the affected side. In this study, the median healing time was 20 months and the average healing time was 30.4 months in 5 healthy breast lactation cases. In 8 cases of bilateral breast lactation, the median healing time was 30 months and the average healing time was 26.5 months. Linear regression test analysis: whether the affected breast was breast-fed after delivery had no effect on the postpartum wound healing time, P = .792. The wounds of 13 patients healed well after lactation, and none of them recurred since the last follow-up visit. There were no adverse events in all infants.Conservative symptomatic treatment for GLM of multiparous women during pregnancy and lactation and encouraging breastfeeding after delivery have no effect on infant health and the recovery time of patients.

Potential roles of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complicated neurodegenerative disease attributed to multifactorial changes. However, its pathological mechanism remains undetermined. Accumulating evidence has revealed the emerging functions of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites, which can affect both the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Accordingly, intestinal dysbiosis might be closely associated with PD. This review explores alterations to gut microbiota, correlations with clinical manifestations of PD, and briefly probes the underlying mechanisms. Next, the highly controversial roles of microbial metabolites including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), H2 and H2S are discussed. Finally, the pros and cons of the current treatments for PD, including those targeting microbiota, are assessed. Advancements in research techniques, further studies on levels of specific strains and longitudinal prospective clinical trials are urgently needed for the identification of early diagnostic markers and the development of novel therapeutic approaches for PD.

A retrospective analysis of debridement in the treatment of chronic injury of lactating nipples.

Treatment strategies for nipple injury are mainly based on aetiology. However, some damaged nipples do not heal after the aetiology was corrected. This study retrospectively analyses the effect of debridement for treating chronic injury of lactating nipples. The medical records on nipple injury management in the authors' department from December 2015 to January 2020 were retrospectively analysed. A total of 167 patients were enrolled and grouped based on the presence or absence of nipple debridement. The difference in the healing effect, pain relief rate and recurrence rate of nipple injury between the two groups after 1 week was examined. The cure rate of nipple injury in the intervention group (54.3%) was significantly higher than in the control group (26.7%). In addition, the complete pain relief rate in the intervention group (48.1%) was significantly higher than in the control group (23.3%). However, the recurrence rates between the two groups (36.4% (16/44) vs. 34.8% (8/23)) had no statistically significant differences. For patients with no improvement after correction of the aetiology of the in the nipple damage, debridement can improve the healing environment of nipple breakage and thus relieve nipple pain.

Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Microsporidium Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Diarrheal Patients.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi can cause severe diarrhea in children and adults. However, in China, there are scant studies on E. bieneusi in diarrheal children and adults, with the exception of prevalence and genotyping data in a small number of cities including Hubei, Shanghai, and Heilongjiang. In this study, 196 fecal samples (n = 132 in Chongqing, n = 44 in Shandong, n = 20 in Hubei) were collected, including 91 from children and 105 from adults. Through microscopic examination, 19 positive samples (11 from children and 8 from adults) were detected. Using PCR examination, the internal transcriptional spacer (ITS) region was utilized by nested PCR to detect and characterize E. bieneusi. Twenty positive samples were detected, including 14 from children (≤11 years of age) and 6 from adults. According to the sequence analysis of ITS data, one known zoonotic (D) and seven novel (CQH5-11) genotypes were identified. This is the first molecular epidemiological study of E. bieneusi in diarrheal patients in different regions of China. Therefore, this study can provide useful information for the molecular epidemiology and control of E. bieneusi infection in humans in the future.

Leveraging sequence-based faecal microbial community survey data to identify alterations in gut microbiota among patients with Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease is a common degenerative disease of the elderly. Although the majority of studies have focused on the central nervous system (CNS) features of Parkinson's disease, recent findings suggest there is a functional link between the gut microbiome and the hallmarks of the disease. PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and other Chinese and English databases were searched for relevant literature. Studies on changes to intestinal microbiota in Parkinson's patients were retrieved and systematically reviewed. Quality filtering, clustering and species annotation were performed on 16s sequencing raw data from retrieved studies to achieve comparability across studies. Alpha-diversity indices and a random effect model were used to analyse significantly altered microbiota. A total of nine studies were included in this retrospective analysis, four of which contained raw data. Alpha diversity was significantly different between control and Parkinson's disease patients in two of the four studies. Using the raw data from four individual studies, we observed differences in the phlya Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Additionally, differences were observed between control and Parkinson's disease patients at the level of family (Prevotellacaea and Lactobacillaceae) and genus (Bifidobacterium and Clostridium). This study confirmed that changes in the microbiome are a consistent feature of Parkinson's disease patients and, therefore, may contribute to the onset of disease.

Lactational Breast Abscesses Caused by Methicillin-Resistant or Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Therapeutic Effect of Ultrasound-Guided Aspiration.

Background and Objective: We investigated whether (1) there are any differences in lactational breast abscesses between patients from whom methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and those from whom methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were isolated from pus samples and (2) there are differences in the effects of ultrasound-guided aspiration. Materials and Methods: The clinical data of 171 patients with lactational breast abscesses treated by ultrasound-guided aspiration in Beijing from January to July 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into MSSA infection (N = 132) and MRSA infection (N = 39) groups according to their bacterial culture results. Abscess cavity location, abscess cavity number, maximum abscess cavity size, antibiotic utilization rate, and cure rate were compared between the groups. Cure rate refers to the proportion of the total number of cases remaining after the elimination of failed cases. The number of ultrasound-guided aspiration procedures performed for healing between the two groups was also compared. Results: There were no significant differences in abscess cavity location, abscess cavity amount, and abscess cavity size between both groups. The antibiotic utilization rate of the two groups were 58.3% (MSSA, 77/132) and 69.2% (MRSA, 27/39), respectively, and there were no significant differences between both groups. The cure rates of ultrasound-guided aspiration of the two groups were 97.7% (MSSA, 129/132) and 92.3% (MRSA, 36/39), and there were no significant differences between both groups. There were also no significant differences in the median number of aspiration performed for cure between the MRSA infection group (median = 3, range = 1-10) and the MSSA infection group (median = 3, range = 1-14). Conclusion: Lactational breast abscesses are the same irrespective of the type of S. aureus infection. Treatment by ultrasound-guided aspiration for patients with MRSA infection can achieve the same effect as that for those with MSSA infection.

Negative-Pressure Suction Cannula for Treatment of Lactational Residual Milk Cavity: A Case Series Study.

Background: Several Chinese mothers experience problems related to their breasts during breastfeeding and are referred to hospitals for treatment after a massage by a "cuirushi." Some of these patients develop large breast abscesses. Notably, the treatment of residual milk cavities is difficult after pus aspiration. Lactational residual milk cavities in the breast hinder effortless breastfeeding, but no solution has been reported thus far. This study aims to explore the use of a simple and minimally invasive method for treating lactational residual milk cavities and enabling mothers to breastfeed effortlessly. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 28 patients with lactational residual milk cavities treated using negative-pressure suction cannula and drainage at our department from December 2016 to May 2019. The success rate, safety, and feasibility of this technique are summarized. Results: Among the 28 patients, the first catheterization was successful in 7 (25%) patients, the second in 13 (46.4%) patients, and the third or subsequent catheterizations in 8 (28.6%) patients. The intubation time was <10 days in 3 patients, between 10 and 20 days in 12 patients, and >20 days in 13 patients. During and after treatment, 21 patients (75%) continued breastfeeding with the affected breast. Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided negative-pressure suction cannula is a new method to treat lactational residual milk cavities that may remain after initial therapy for lactational breast abscess. The treatment of lactational residual milk cavities offers significant advantages in supporting mothers during breastfeeding.

Author Correction: The prevalence of microsporidia in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

The prevalence of microsporidia in China : A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Microsporidia are a diverse parasite phylum infecting host from all major taxa in all global biomes. This research was conducted to conclude the prevalence of microsporidia in China. All published articles up to February 16, 2018 were considered, including descriptive, cross-sectional, case-control and epidemiology studies. A total of 1052 articles were separated after literature search. After a strict selection according to our criteria, 82 articles were included in qualitative synthesis and ultimately 52 studies were included in quantitative synthesis. Three species of microsporidia were confirmed to exist in China, including Enterocytozoon bieneusi (E. bieneusi), Nosema and Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi). The highest overall estimated prevalence of E. bieneusi in humans was 8.1%, which was observed in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients (AIDS). Moreover, the prevalence of E. bieneusi in animals including the cattle, dogs, pigs, deer, sheep and goats were analyszed in this study. The overall estimated prevalence of E. bieneusi acquired by using the random effects model in meta-analysis in cattle, dogs, pigs, sheep and goats and deer was 20.0% (95% confidence intervals: 0.133-0.266, I2 = 98.031%, p < 0.0001), 7.8% (95% CI: 0.050-0.106, I2 = 60.822%, p = 0.0537), 45.1% (95% CI: 0.227-0.674, I2 = 98.183%, p < 0.0001), 28.1% (95% CI: 0.146-0.415, I2 = 98.716%, p < 0.0001) and 19.3% (95% CI: 0.084-0.303, I2 = 96.995%, p < 0.0001) respectively. The overall detection rate of E. bieneusi in water acquired by using the random effects model in meta-analysis was 64.5% (95% CI: 0.433-0.857, I2 = 98.486%, p < 0.0001). Currently, 221 genotypes of E. bieneusi, 1 genotype of E. cuniculi and 6 Nosema were detected in China. The most prevalent genotype of E. bieneusi was genotype D, followed by BEB6 and EbpC.

Genotype Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Isolates from Stool Samples of Diarrheic Children.

Among approximately 14 human-pathogenic microsporidian species, Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common. It can inhabit the small intestines, causing chronic diarrhea and wasting syndrome. Prevalence and genotype data for E. bieneusi in humans is available for only a few provinces of China. In the current study, 93 fecal specimens were collected from diarrheic children in Chongqing. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer ( ITS) region of the E. bieneusi rDNA sequence identified 11 (11.83%) positive specimens. Among them, 8 (8.60%) are from patients of ages ranging from 2 mo to 6 yr old and 3 (3.23%) from patients 7 to 11 yr old. In total, 6 genotypes (4 novel genotypes and 2 known genotypes) were identified in this study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the genotypes identified in the present study belong to group 1, which previously has been described as a zoonotic group. This could mean these infections were acquired zoonotically, and it may be prudent to warn those people having close contact with animals of this potential risk.

Morphological and phylogenetic analysis of Nosema sp. HR (Microsporidia, Nosematidae): a new microsporidian pathogen of Histia rhodope Cramer (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae).

A new microsporidium was isolated from Histia rhodope Cramer (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae), a pest of Bischofia javanica BL. in China. The morphology and molecular systematic of this novel microsporidian isolate had been described in this study. The spores were long oval and measured 3.1 × 1.9 µm on fresh smears. Ultrastructure of the spores was characteristic for the genus Nosema: 14-15 polar filament coils, posterior vacuole, and a diplokaryon. The sequenced rRNA gene of this isolate is 4309 bp long. The organization of the rRNA gene is 5'-LSU rRNA-ITS-SSU rRNA-IGS-5S-3', which is similar to that of other Nosema species (such as Nosema bombycis). Phylogenetic analysis based on LSU rRNA gene and SSU rRNA gene both revealed that this novel micorsporidian which isolated from H. rhodope had close relationship to the genus Nosema. Additionally, this isolate can also cause systemic infection of Bombyx mori. So, we should pay attention not only to N. bombycis, but also to other microsporidian (such as Nosema sp. HR) in sericulture in the future.